Saturday, October 18, 2008

Zhou Zuoren

Zhou Zuoren was a Chinese writer, primarily known as an essayist and a translator. He was the younger brother of Lu Xun , the third of four brothers.

Biography


Early life



Born in Shaoxing, Zhejiang, he was educated at the Jiangnan Naval Academy as a teenager. Following the steps of his brother Lun Xun, he left for Japan to pursue his study in 1906. During his stint in Japan, he began studying Ancient Greek, with the aim of translating the Gospels into Classical Chinese, and attended lectures on Chinese philology by scholar-revolutionary Zhang Binglin at Rikkyo University. , although he was supposed to study civil engineering there. He returned to China in 1911, with his Japanese wife, and began to teach in different institutions.

During the May Fourth Movement



Writing essays in vernacular Chinese for the influential magazine La Jeunesse, Zhou was a key figure in the May Fourth Movement. He was an advocate of literary reform, and called for literary reform. In a 1918 article, he called for a "humanist literature" in which "any custom or rule that goes against human instincts and nature should be rejected or rectified". As examples, he cited children sacrificing themselves for their parents and wives being buried alive to accompany their dead husbands. Zhou's ideal literature was both democratic and individualistic. On the other hand, Zhou made a distinction between "democratic" and "popular" literature. Common people may understand the latter, but not the former. This implies a difference between common people and the elite.

His short essays, with their refreshing style, have won him many readers since then up to the present day. An avid reader, he called his studies "miscellanies", and penned an essay title "My Miscellaneous Studies" . He was particularly interested in folklore, anthropology and natural history. One of his favorite writers was Havelock Ellis. He was also a prolific translator, producing translations of classical Greek and classical Japanese literatures. Most of his translations are pioneering, which include a collection of Greek mimes, Sappho's lyrics, Euripides' tragedies, Kojiki, Shikitei Sanba's Ukiyoburo, Sei Shōnagon's Makura no Sōshi and a collection of Kyogen. He considered his translation of Lucian's Dialogues, which he finished late in his life, as his greatest literary achievement. He was also the first one to translate the story Ali Baba into Chinese . He became chancellor of Beijing University in 1939.

Later life



In 1945, after the Second Sino-Japanese War, Zhou was arrested for treason by the Nationalist government of Chang Kai-shek, stemming from his alleged collaboration with the Wang Jingwei government during the Japanese occupation of north China. Zhou was sentenced to 14 years in Nanjing Prison, but was released in 1949 by the Communist government after a pardon. Later that year he returned to Beijing. He continued to write and translate, but published his works under pseudonyms. He died during the Cultural Revolution.

Bibliography



A great number of books about Zhou Zuoren are published in Chinese every year. For basic information about his life and works, see:
Zhang Juxiang 张铁荣 and Zhang Tierong 张菊香 . Zhou Zuoren yanjiu ziliao . 2 volumes. Tianjin: Tianjin renmin chubanshe.
For an English language study, see:
Daruvala, Susan . Zhou Zuoren and An Alternative Chinese Response to Modernity. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Asia Center.
Comprehensive editions of his works and translations include:
Zhi'an 止庵 . Zhou Zuoren zibian wenji . 34 volumes. Shijiazhuang: Hebei jiaoyu chubanshe.
Zhong Shuhe 钟叔河 . Zhou Zuoren wen leibian . 10 volumes. Changsha: Hunan wenyi chubanshe.
Zhou Zhouren . Kuyuzhai yicong . 12 volumes have appeared. Beijing: Zhongguo duiwai fanyi chuban gongsi.
Some of his essays are available in English:
Pollard, David . Zhou Zuoren, Selected Essays. Chinese-English bilingual edition. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press.

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