Saturday, October 18, 2008

Qian Xuantong

Qian Xuantong ( was a linguist. Born as Qian Xia , he had the courtesy name Deqian .

Born in Huzhou, Zhejiang, Qian was trained in traditional Chinese philology. After receiving his university education in Japan, Qian held a number of teaching positions in mainland China. He was a student of Zhang Binglin; some of Zhang's works were copied and printed in Qian's remarkable seal script handwriting. As a philologist, Qian was the first to reconstruct the vowel system of Old Chinese in .

A close friend of Lu Xun, Qian was a key figure in the May Fourth Movement. Despite his close relationship with the Chinese classics, he promoted the abolition of not only classical Chinese, but also of Chinese characters. He was also a strong supporter of Esperanto, at one time even proposed the substitution of Chinese by it. He and Liu Bannong did their best to promote vernacular Chinese, attacking such classical Chinese stylists as Lin Shu. His skepticism of the Chinese heritage was such that he at one time wanted to change his surname to Yi Gu . He also did many important works for the standardization of Simplified Chinese character and of , and for the design of pinyin.

His son Qian Sanqiang was a who contributed to development of nuclear weapons in China.

Meng Guanliang

Meng Guanliang is a . He won the C-2 500 m gold medal at the .

Meng became Chinese champion for the first time at the age of twenty. He has won a total of five gold medals at the Asian Championships .

His best world championship performance came in 2003 in , USA. Meng reached two individual finals, finishing in fifth place in the C1 500 m and sixth in the 200 m.

For the 2004 season he formed a C2 partnership with Yang Wenjun. On their first international appearance together in , Japan, they shocked observers by posting a 500m time of 1:40.27. Then, in June, they won a World Cup race in Duisburg to establish themselves as one of the favourites for an Olympic medal.

At the , they were drawn in the toughest heat alongside all the main medal contenders. They won the heat in a time of 1:38.916, almost a full second ahead of Cubans and . The final was much closer with less than a second separating the first eight contenders but Meng and Yang again headed the Cuban pair to win the gold medal - China's first in the sport.

Meng is 182 cm tall and weighs 88 kg .

Ma Yinchu

Ma Yinchu was a prominent economist.

Biography


Early life


Ma Yinchu was born in what is now Shengzhou City, a county-level city that is administered by Shaoxing, in northeastern Zhejiang province. He was the fifth child of the owner of a small distillery that specialized in fermented rice liquor. While his father wished for him to carry on this business, Ma showed an inclination toward scholarship. As a result, his father cut him off financially, and their relationship never recovered. At 16, Ma attended middle school in Shanghai. Despite losing his father's support, he studied mining and metallurgy at Beiyang University . In 1907, Ma received government sponsorship to study economics at Yale University, after which he received a in economics and philosophy from Columbia University in 1914. In 1920 he helped to found the Shanghai College of Commerce, and in 1923 he became the founding president of the Chinese Economics Society. During the 1930s, Ma began to criticize the Kuomintang under Chiang Kai-shek, and was subsequently placed under house arrest from 1940–2. In 1949, at the request of Zhou Enlai, he served as a nonpartisan delegate to the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. From 1950 to 1951, he served as the president of Zhejiang University, and then as the president of Peking University from 1951 to 1960. In this position, Ma was well-liked, and seen as warm and genuine by his students. However, he was removed due to his unorthodox economic views.

New Population Theory


In June 1957, at the fourth session of the First National People's Congress, Ma presented his New Population Theory. Having examined trends of the early 1950s, he concluded that further population growth at such high rates would be detrimental to China's development. Therefore, he advocated government control of fertility. During the following three years, Ma's theory suffered two rounds of attacks, and he was dismissed from public life. The charges of the government were that the theory followed Malthusianism, attempted to discredit the superiority of socialism, and showed contempt for the people.

Rehabilitation and later life


Ma's New Population Theory did not receive mention in the People's Daily again until June 5 1979. On July 26 of the same year, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally apologized to him, stating that events had validated his theory. In September 1979, all charges against him were retracted, and he was made honorary president of Peking University. Ma Yinchu died on May 10 1982 due to and lung disease and pneumonia.

Legacy


Even before Ma's death, scholars were realizing the enormity of the government's error in censoring his views for two decades. This view can be demonstrated by the title of a newspaper article published in 1979: "Erroneously criticized one person, population mistakenly increased 300,000,000". Ma's theory also became enshrined in public policy; China's One Child Policy draws heavily on Ma's reasoning that "the State should have the power to intervene in reproduction and to control population", and follows his advice in heavily utilizing propaganda on the dangers of population growth. In Ma's hometown, a middle school has been named in his honor. His birth home is being renovated as a museum, and the street on which it resides is now called "Famous Man Street". Nationally, the scholar is featured prominently in primary and middle school textbooks as "Uncle Ma", where he is praised for his contributions to population control and environmental protection. In 1997, a nine-part series about his life was aired in commemoration of the 40th anniversary of the publication of his population theory.

Luo Jialun

Luo Jialun was a Chinese educator, historian and political activist. He was one of the leaders of the May Fourth Movement in 1919.

Luo got his bachelor degree from Peking University.In September, 1928, Luo was appointed the president of Tsinghua University and resigned in May, 1930.

Jack Ma

Jack Ma is founder and chief operating officer of Alibaba Group.

Biography


Born in the city of Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China, Ma graduated from Hangzhou Teacher's Institute in 1988 and became a lecturer in English and International Trade in the same university.

Ma first started building websites for Chinese companies with the help of friends in the US. Ma has commented that "The day we got connected to the Web, I invited friends and TV people over to my house," and on a very slow dial-up connection, "we waited three and a half hours and got half a page.... We drank, watched TV and played cards, waiting. But I was so proud. I proved the Internet existed."

After a stint as head of the China International Electronic Commerce Center's Infoshare division, he founded Alibaba.com in 1999, a China-based business to business marketplace site which serves 12 million members from 200 countries.

In 2003, Alibaba launched Taobao.com, a consumer to consumer auction website similar to eBay, which also provided an innovative escrow-based online payment service, Alipay .

Ma remains as chief executive officer and chairman of board after Yahoo! acquired a 40% economic stake in Alibaba in exchange for $1 Billion USD plus all of Yahoo!'s Chinese-based assets , on August 11, 2005. Japan's Softbank will have a 27.4% in the new Alibaba company.

On 2007-06-11, at a press conference at the Ritz-Carlton Hotel in Hong Kong, called to discuss the highly successful Hong Kong Stock Exchange IPO, when asked whether Alibaba was an ethical trading company, Ma responded by announcing to the assembled journalists - and reiterating when queried - that he and his family have "sworn off Shark Fin Soup now and forever" , which he said was a result of finding out what the problems are.

Huang Ju

Huang Ju was the Executive Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China. He joined the Communist Party of China in March 1966. He was , and was one of the least popular and most partisan members of the of the . Huang, considered "one of China's most mysterious politicians", was a powerful member of the Shanghai clique.

Having been both the Mayor of Shanghai and the city's party chief in the 1990s, Huang enjoyed very close relations with his patron Jiang Zemin, he was known to be strongly opposed to President Hu Jintao. During his tenure in Shanghai Huang and his family members were involved in various corruption cases. He died in office on 2 June 2007.

Biography


Education


Born in , as Huang Deyu , Huang attended Tsinghua University in 1956-63 where he graduated in Electrical Engineering.

Career


Huang was employed as a Technician in the foundry section of the Shanghai Artificial-board Machinery Factory from 1963 to 1967. From 1967 to 1977, Huang worked as Technician in the power section of the Shanghai Zhonghua Metallurgical Factory , where he was also Assistant Deputy Secretary Workshop Party Branch. He became Assistant Director of the Revolutionary Committee, Deputy Plant Manager, Engineer from 1977 to 1980. He was Assistant Manager of the Shanghai Petrochemical General Machinery Company from 1980 to 1982. From 1982 to 1983 he was Deputy Commissioner of the Shanghai First Mechanical and Electrical Industry Bureau .

Time in Shanghai


From 1983 to 1984, he was Shanghai Municipal Party Committee member and City Industry Work Party Secretary; Shanghai Municipal Party Committee member, its Secretary General from 1984 to 1985 and its Assistant Deputy Secretary from 1985 to 1986.

In 1987, Huang became one of the chosen candidates for the Mayor of Shanghai, and therefore a CCP Central Committee member, but he was embarrassed by the low number of votes supporting his candidacy in Shanghai's Municipal Congress. Huang therefore did not become Mayor and Zhu Rongji was subsequently elected Mayor in his place. When Zhu became Premier after his transfer to the Central Government in Beijing, Huang became mayor of Shanghai in 1991 and then city's Party chief in 1994, which he served until October 2002. Although he led the eastern commercial hub in a continuous era of prosperity and development, he is known to have achieved fairly little in Shanghai. Huang was, however, the inventor of a string of themed property developments within Greater Shanghai which were carbon copies of famous European cities. For example, Thames Town in Songjiang, outside Shanghai city proper, built to imitate a British market town.

Huang served in a role to keep the city's party organization in line, and is remembered for by some as having raised the salary levels of Shanghai people. Among recent ex-mayors of Shanghai, Huang was also the least popular, due to his suppression of popular mayor Xu Kuangdi. Huang's reputation in the city is incomparable to that of Zhu Rongji or even Chen Liangyu, and had a very negative image.

Due to his extremely low popularity inside the party and in the public eye, Huang's move to Beijing after Jiang Zemin's retirement in 2002 was subject to great controversy.

Huang is widely believed to be implicated in the Shanghai real estate scandals involving Zhou Zhengyi, one of Shanghai's big-name business elites. Huang did little to stop monopolies in Shanghai's booming real estate sector, and there was some discontent and public protests resulted from in residents being evicted from their homes to make way for new construction. Zhou was eventually charged with multiple counts of fraud, but was only sentenced to three years in prison, which analysts speculated was largely due to Huang's exerting his influence on the municipal courts. In addition, Huang's wife, Yu Huiwen, controlled the Shanghai pension fund, and was linked to Zhang Rongkun, who was at the centre of allegations of misappropriation of the fund's money. Huang's brother, who was made a high-ranking executive of a Pudong development firm, moved funds for personal uses.

National politics


Huang was one of the patronage appointments from Jiang's Shanghai clique to China's top decision-making body, becoming one of the nine members of the Politburo Standing Committee. He received the lowest number of votes among the Politburo members elected in 2002. He received just 1,455 votes in favour, out of 2,074 votes cast, but 300 votes against; this unusually low affirmation ratio is considered by many political analysts as a rejection in effect.

His position as Executive Vice-Premier is considered largely a figurehead role and has very little power, especially when compared to previous Executive Vice-Premiers Yao Yilin and Li Lanqing. His official portfolios are to oversee finance and banking.

Although the national media stressed his return, Huang is believed to be next in the firing line in the corruption probe after the dismissal of his close colleague Chen Liangyu in September 2006. Huang's involvement with the Shanghai Pension Fund Scandals is unclear, as the Chinese government has thus far kept much of the investigation under wraps.

As one of the China's most partisan politicians, his departure would be seen by analysts as a further shift in the balance of power away from Jiang Zemin in favour of Hu Jintao.

State of health


Illness


In February 2006, the South China Morning Post reported that Huang was seriously ill, and was expected to step down. Although some government officials said that he had pancreatic cancer, the party never officially disclosed the nature of his condition. In stating that Huang was recovering from an undisclosed illness, official sources inadvertently revealed that he was ill. No reports were confirmed, and state media had no mention of Huang since his last January appearance. He was absent from the 2006 NPC session.
On 17 March, sources reported that he was near death. Nevertheless, some sources suggested his sudden disappearance from the public might also have been the result of an internal power struggle, in which Huang was purged to make way for and loyalists.

Huang attended a Science and Technology forum in Beijing on 5 June 2006, which some suggest was for the sole purpose of letting the public know that he was still alive and well.

After giving a keynote speech at the State-Owned Enterprise executives' conference on 5 January 2007, he was notably absent at the Central Conference on Financial Affairs later on that month. Although his condolences were accounted for, rank-appropriate, during Communist elder Bo Yibo's funeral, his absence prompted speculation that Huang's critical condition was preventing him from carrying out his official duties. Hong Kong media speculated that Huang was undergoing treatment in Shanghai. Huang reappeared, looking very frail, during the in March 2007.

It was widely speculated that Huang had already requested to be allowed to resign by March 2007, and that afterwards his normally powerful position became purely ceremonial. He had reportedly handed over his role of oversight of Financial Affairs portfolio to premier Wen Jiabao in January. It had been expected that Huang would formally retire by the in November 2007, where there would be a major reshuffle of posts of party apparatus.

Official sources reported no significant events after he attended a panel discussion with legislators from Shanghai on 7 March 2007.

Huang was reported, at the end of April 2007, to have left Shanghai, and had been admitted to the 301 Military Hospital in Beijing to receive treatment. There were further reports on 8 May that his condition had deteriorated.

False media reports


Citing sources inside the 301 Military Hospital in Beijing, The Times reported that he had died on the morning of 9 May 2007, and the next day noted the "surprise" of its source in the hospital at the State council's denial. Reports were widely circulated.
Phoenix Television was the only Chinese station to broadcast the news, did so on its on-screen ticker from about 19h00. However, at 19h30, the denied reports that Huang Ju died. Phoenix retracted and issued an apology at around 20h00. It was reported that the south-west wing of the 301 Military Hospital had been completely closed off; all media were reminded that official news would be disseminated by , and that all websites were to strictly observe editorial guidance from the official news agency.

There is some speculation as to the political motivations of the Phoenix Television disclosure: on one hand, the station is a News Corporation affiliate with strong viewer base in Guangdong province. Phoenix, which sees itself as a pioneer of press freedom in China, continues to push against the reporting controls on media imposed by the state. On the other hand, leaders in the politically rebellious province would likely gain an advantage in the powerplay to preserve the status quo.

Analysts believe that traditional secrecy in China over the health of top officials has always existed so that any possible political instability is avoided. Rumours of Huang's death, which had circulated 3 times before the formal Xinhua announcement, had been used as excuses for venting anger at social and political problems. The timing of the death is particularly sensitive due to the forthcoming anniversary of the Tiananmen protests of 1989.

Death


On 29 May, Huang was elected as one of Shanghai's local party representatives to the Party's 17th Party Congress to be held in November 2007.

On 2 June 2007, Huang's death in Beijing was announced. Unprecedentedly, the English and Chinese versions of his obituary were relayed simultaneously to the country and the world only a few hours after his death, at around 6:30AM Beijing time. His death was the top story on the National News program at 7PM, where news anchor in black suits read off the 155 word dry and sober obituary, and no evaluation of his legacy. The screen simply displayed "Comrade Huang Ju has passed away." Official Chinese news agency reported that Huang had died at 2:03AM, of an unnamed illness, at age 69.

In his concise official obituary, which was the top story on all Chinese news websites, he was hailed as a "long-tested and faithful Communist fighter and an outstanding leader of the party and the state." Many believe this to be contrary to how he is regarded within the party and by the general public, but is rather a political means to "calm the storm" before the 17th Party Congress of the Communist Party is held in November 2007.

Websites reporting Huang Ju's death have disallowed discussions on the issue, and internet forums have censored all negative comments and speculation about Huang Ju's political life. In Shanghai, where Huang is most well known as the city's former Mayor, reception of his death has been very cold . Among the mayors of Shanghai, Huang has received the lowest ratings, while his contemporaries, Zhu Rongji and Xu Kuangdi, were generally liked by the public. As a result Shanghai has not seen any public displays of mourning.

Huang was the first member to die in office since Chairman Mao Zedong in September 1976, some thirty years earlier, and the highest ranking communist leader to die in office since economic reforms began in 1978. He is the only Executive Vice-Premier ever to die in office.

Funeral


Huang's funeral was the highest-ranking affair for any Communist leader since Deng Xiaoping's state funeral in 1997. It was the top story on CCTV's National News at 7PM on 5 June 2007, and occupied well over ten minutes of broadcast time in the half-hour program. Despite its priority and importance, however, Huang's funeral was noticeably simpler than that of previous leaders. The official "funeral" designation for deceased leaders was not used; rather, it was termed a "Send-off ceremony" . Analysts suggest that this may become the new trend for Chinese leaders. Huang's legacy was evaluated very highly in the official state media, which called him an "important member of the Central Committee Leadership under General Secretary Hu Jintao who dedicated his heart to the development of the Party and the State, and offered all of his intellectual strength and power for the cause." Noticeably, former President Jiang Zemin, in official footage, was in tears as he shook the hands of Huang's widow Yu Huiwen . Interestingly, the funeral coverage began with Zeng Qinghong standing at the hospital awaiting Huang Ju's funeral procession, and not with Hu Jintao. All Chinese leaders, including former Premier Zhu Rongji, attended the ceremony.

Political impact


Huang's death also opens a vacancy which preludes the possible installation of a Hu Jintao ally into the positions of Politburo Standing Committee member, as well as Executive Vice-Premier, making the transition to a consolidated Hu Jintao government more likely later this year in the 17th Party Congress.

According to most observers, Huang's death would have little effect on Chinese politics, largely because Huang had been out of the public scene for over a year prior to his death, and the news was long expected. Huang's departure is nevertheless seen as a major blow to the "Shanghai Clique", loyal to former President Jiang Zemin, who has been involved in a constant power struggle with Hu Jintao. Huang, along with disgraced Shanghai Party Chief Chen Liangyu who is currently undergoing investigation for charges of fraud and corruption, were both staunch opponents of Hu and Premier Wen Jiabao.

Personal


Huang was married to Yu Huiwen , who was an executive on a Shanghai Pensions board, and believed to be involved in corruption cases in the city. In February 1995, his daughter, Huang Fan , married Fang Yiwei , the son of Fang Dachuan , a pro-Taiwan newspaperman in San Francisco, for which Huang was criticized by political rivals.

Huang Haiqiang

Huang Haiqiang is a high jumper.

He won the and the , the latter in a personal best jump of 2.32 metres. He competed at the without reaching the final.

He represented his country in the high jump at the 2008 Summer Olympics, but came in dead last.

He Zhenliang

He Zhenliang is a Chinese politician, currently the honorary president of the Chinese Olympic Committee, the chairman of the International Olympic Committee's Culture and Olympic Education Commission and an execute of the Beijing Organizing Committee for the 2008 Summer Olympics.

He graduated from the Aurore University in Shanghai. In 1964 he became the deputy secretary general of the Chinese Gymnastics Association, later served as the secretary general of the Chinese Table Tennis Association and the head of the secretariat of the All-China Sports Federation. In 1979, he was promoted to the deputy secretary general of the All-China Sports Federation and the Chinese Olympic Committee . He served as the secretary general of COC between 1982 and 1986, vice president between 1986 and 1989, and the president of COC between 1989 and 1994.

He was elected to the International Olympic Committee in 1981. In 1985 he was elected to the executive board of IOC, and served three 5-year terms since then. He was elected the vice-president of the IOC in 1989.

He joined the Communist Party of China in 1954. In 1988 he was elected to the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference . In 1993 he was elected to the standing committee of CPPCC and the vice commissioner of Physical Education and Sport of CPPCC.

He Saifei

He Saifei is a actress . Movies she has acted in include Raise the Red Lantern and Lust, Caution.

Guo Guangchang

Guo Guangchang , is a Chinese entrepreneur. He is the CEO of Fosun International Limited and the representative of 10th National People's Congress. Guo is currently the second richest person in Mainland China with a net worth over 30 Chinese yuan.

Biography


Guo was born in Dongyang, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China. He graduated from the Department of Philosophy at Fudan University, Shanghai.

In 1992, Guo was criticized by Fudan University for using its official envelope for conducting a private survey while employed there. He resigned over this incident. Guo went on to establish his first company, Guangxin Technology Development Company.

In 1995, Guo and four schoolmates borrowed 38,000 yuan to invest in product development in genetic engineering. The company name was changed to Fosun Holdings Limited . The company earned 100 million yuan from developing medicine against the hepatitis B virus, which strengthened further development of Fosun companies. Fosun has since expanded into other sectors, including real estate, retailing, securities, steel and gold mining. It is currently the largest company in China.

Guo has stated that he admires the business skills of Li Ka Shing, Hong Kong's richest billionaire.

Dai Li

General Dai Li was born in Zhejiang Province, China, the home province of President Chiang Kai-shek. He studied at the Whampoa Military Academy, where Chiang served as president, and later became head of Chiang's secret police.

Early life


Dai Li was born in the town of Baoan in Jiangshan county, Zhejiang province on May 28th, 1897. At age four, his father died and his mother was left to raise him by herself. By age six, Dai was enrolled in a private academy to begin studying the Chinese Classics, and later graduated valedictorian at the high school level Wenxi County Elementary School. Rather than attend university, Dai enlisted in the student battalion of the 1st Division, Zhejiang Province, during the tumultuous period following the collapse of the Qing Dynasty. Soon after he enrolled in the sixth class of the Huangpu Military Academy, also known as the Whampoa Military Academy. Headmaster of the school was Chiang Kai-shek, who later requested Dai join his efforts to unify China and defeat the Communists.

Role in the KMT



As the Chief of the Kuomintang Army secret service in China, Dai Li helped to develop China's Bureau of Investigation and Statistics. The benign title of the department belied the true nature of its secret police work, making Dai one of the most feared men in China, and earning him the nickname "the Himmler of China". Dai was also the head of the Blue Shirts Society, a fascist organization that did security and intelligence work for Chiang. His agents were very successful at penetrating the Chinese Communist and Imperial Japanese puppet organizations.

Dai worked with the United States during World War II and was taught new methods of espionage, and his guerrilla force grew to 70,000 men. In return for this partnership, he made available maps of the South China coast, intelligence on Japanese maneuvers and a safe haven for downed Allied pilots. After the signing of the SACO Treaty in 1942, Dai was placed as head of Sino-American intelligence activities.

While he avoided public entertainments and remained a mysterious figure to his countrymen, Dai was privately known for his wild drinking parties.

He died in a plane crash on March 17, 1946. The plane crash was likely engineered by Dai's rivals within the KMT, contrary to rumors that Dai's counterpart and rival in the Communist Party of China , the notorious CPC security and intelligence chief Kang Sheng, somehow arranged his assassination.

Chen Guofu

Chen Guofu, or Chen Kuo-fu , was a Chinese politician in the Republic of China. He was born in Wuxing 吳興縣, Zhejiang, China (modern Huzhou 湖州 city). Chen Guofu joined the Tongmenghui in 1911. He participated in both the revolution against the Qing dynasty and the "second revolution" against Yuan Shikai. He restarted his political career in 1924, being nominated as member of the Kuomintang Central Audit, as well as head of the Department of Organization and president of the Central Financial Committee. Together with his younger brother Chen Lifu, he organized the CC Clique or Central Club Clique of the Kuomintang. He was chairman of the government of Jiangsu from 1933 to 1937. He left for Taiwan in December 1948 and died there on August 25, 1951, in Taipei, Taiwan.

Zong Qinghou

Zong Qinghou , born 1945, is a entrepreneur, founder, Chairman and CEO of the Hangzhou Wahaha Group, the leading beverage company in China. Ranked China’s 23rd-richest man and 840th in the world by Forbes, Hurun Report estimated him to have personal wealth of US$1 billion in 2006.

Zong is a delegate to the Chinese National People's Congress.

Biography


Zong is a native of Zhejiang, and has had little formal education. After graduating from secondary school, Zong worked at the Zhoushan salt farm. He returned home in 1979 on the retirement of his mother, who was a teacher. He eventually returned to Hangzhou, and only found menial work at a local school due to the low level of his education. In 1987, he targeted a minigrocery in a school in Shangcheng District,Hangzhou, selling milk. Zong headed the embryonic Wahaha business, which distributed fizzy soft drinks, ice and stationery. Together with two retired schoolteachers, he borrowed the sum of 140,000, to start producing milk drinks for distribution.

He obtained independence from an early government partner by stressing his links with Danone. With his autocratic style and workaholic ethic, he built Wahaha into the largest beverage manufacturer in the People's Republic of China.

The entered into with Groupe Danone involved the inward investment of US$70 million in five joint venture companiesin exchange for 51% Groupe Danone ownership in each company. The trademark agreement signed on 29, 1996 gave the JVs the exclusive rights of production, distribution and sales of products under the Wahaha brand. Collaboration has grown into 39 joint venture entities by 2007.

In 2007, the relationship had started to turn sour when Danone attempted to gain control of the company. Zong, who had been left to manage the business without any intervention from Danone, resigned as Chairman of the joint ventures on June 5, 2007.

Personal


Zong is a delegate to the Chinese National People's Congress since 2002. He was re-elected in 2007.

His wife is Shi Youzhen , and his daughter is Zong Fuli . Shi is the Purchasing Manager at Wahaha. It was reported in 21st Century Economy Report that both Zong and Shi have , and their daughter is an American citizen.

Zong gained wide support as he acted the "David" against a French "Goliath" gobbling up Chinese companies. Perceptions have changed since the revelation of his green card, his reputation is damaged.

Tax evasion allegations


Zong claimed to have been paid a salary of Euro3,000 and Euro100,000 annual allowances plus a bonus worth 1 percent of the annual profit of the joint ventures, totalling 70 million yuan of income every year.

Caijing reported in April 2008 that Zong was being investigated for allegedly amounting to some 300 million. An investigator had alleged that Zong "...earned far more than this and hasn't fully reported the tax for years". Caijing implied there may have been less than transparect payments through web of Hong Kong-registered accounts of Zong, Shi, daughter Fuli; and the former Party secretary of Wahaha, Du Jianying. Zong had apparently paid more than 200 million yuan in back taxes in October 2007, after the investigation kicked off. However, the magazine suspected Zong still owed millions more.

Zhou Zuoren

Zhou Zuoren was a Chinese writer, primarily known as an essayist and a translator. He was the younger brother of Lu Xun , the third of four brothers.

Biography


Early life



Born in Shaoxing, Zhejiang, he was educated at the Jiangnan Naval Academy as a teenager. Following the steps of his brother Lun Xun, he left for Japan to pursue his study in 1906. During his stint in Japan, he began studying Ancient Greek, with the aim of translating the Gospels into Classical Chinese, and attended lectures on Chinese philology by scholar-revolutionary Zhang Binglin at Rikkyo University. , although he was supposed to study civil engineering there. He returned to China in 1911, with his Japanese wife, and began to teach in different institutions.

During the May Fourth Movement



Writing essays in vernacular Chinese for the influential magazine La Jeunesse, Zhou was a key figure in the May Fourth Movement. He was an advocate of literary reform, and called for literary reform. In a 1918 article, he called for a "humanist literature" in which "any custom or rule that goes against human instincts and nature should be rejected or rectified". As examples, he cited children sacrificing themselves for their parents and wives being buried alive to accompany their dead husbands. Zhou's ideal literature was both democratic and individualistic. On the other hand, Zhou made a distinction between "democratic" and "popular" literature. Common people may understand the latter, but not the former. This implies a difference between common people and the elite.

His short essays, with their refreshing style, have won him many readers since then up to the present day. An avid reader, he called his studies "miscellanies", and penned an essay title "My Miscellaneous Studies" . He was particularly interested in folklore, anthropology and natural history. One of his favorite writers was Havelock Ellis. He was also a prolific translator, producing translations of classical Greek and classical Japanese literatures. Most of his translations are pioneering, which include a collection of Greek mimes, Sappho's lyrics, Euripides' tragedies, Kojiki, Shikitei Sanba's Ukiyoburo, Sei Shōnagon's Makura no Sōshi and a collection of Kyogen. He considered his translation of Lucian's Dialogues, which he finished late in his life, as his greatest literary achievement. He was also the first one to translate the story Ali Baba into Chinese . He became chancellor of Beijing University in 1939.

Later life



In 1945, after the Second Sino-Japanese War, Zhou was arrested for treason by the Nationalist government of Chang Kai-shek, stemming from his alleged collaboration with the Wang Jingwei government during the Japanese occupation of north China. Zhou was sentenced to 14 years in Nanjing Prison, but was released in 1949 by the Communist government after a pardon. Later that year he returned to Beijing. He continued to write and translate, but published his works under pseudonyms. He died during the Cultural Revolution.

Bibliography



A great number of books about Zhou Zuoren are published in Chinese every year. For basic information about his life and works, see:
Zhang Juxiang 张铁荣 and Zhang Tierong 张菊香 . Zhou Zuoren yanjiu ziliao . 2 volumes. Tianjin: Tianjin renmin chubanshe.
For an English language study, see:
Daruvala, Susan . Zhou Zuoren and An Alternative Chinese Response to Modernity. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Asia Center.
Comprehensive editions of his works and translations include:
Zhi'an 止庵 . Zhou Zuoren zibian wenji . 34 volumes. Shijiazhuang: Hebei jiaoyu chubanshe.
Zhong Shuhe 钟叔河 . Zhou Zuoren wen leibian . 10 volumes. Changsha: Hunan wenyi chubanshe.
Zhou Zhouren . Kuyuzhai yicong . 12 volumes have appeared. Beijing: Zhongguo duiwai fanyi chuban gongsi.
Some of his essays are available in English:
Pollard, David . Zhou Zuoren, Selected Essays. Chinese-English bilingual edition. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press.

Zhou Enlai

Zhou Enlai was the first Premier of the People's Republic of China, serving from 1949 until his death in January 1976. Zhou was instrumental in the rise to power, and subsequently in the construction of the and restructuring of Chinese society.

A skilled and able diplomat, Zhou served as the Chinese from 1949 to 1958. Advocating peaceful coexistence with the West, he participated in the and helped orchestrate Richard Nixon's . Due to his expertise, Zhou was largely able to survive the purges of high-level Chinese Communist Party officials during the Cultural Revolution. His attempts at mitigating the 's damage and his efforts to protect others from their wrath made him immensely popular in the Revolution's later stages.

As Mao Zedong's health began to decline in 1971 and 1972, Zhou and the Gang of Four struggled internally over leadership of China. Zhou's health was also failing however, and he died eight months before Mao on 8 January 1976. The massive public outpouring of grief in Beijing turned to anger towards the Gang of Four, leading to the Tiananmen Incident. Deng Xiaoping, Zhou's ally and successor as Premier, was able to outmaneuver the Gang of Four politically and eventually take Mao's place as Paramount Leader.

Early life


Zhou Enlai was born to a well-educated couple in 1898 or 1899 in Zhejiang, and spent most of his early years in Huai'an, Jiangsu. His education included the Chinese Classics and, later, the prestigious Tianjin Middle School. From there, he studied at Waseda and Nippon universities in Japan, and later attended Nankai University in Tianjin.

Revolutionary activities



Zhou first came to national prominence as an activist during the May Fourth Movement. He had enrolled as a student in the literature department of Nankai University, which enabled him to visit the campus, but he never attended classes. He became one of the organizers of the Tianjin Students Union, whose avowed aim was “to struggle against the warlords and against imperialism, and to save China from extinction." Zhou became the editor of the student union’s newspaper, Tianjin Student. In September, he founded the Awareness Society with twelve men and eight women. Fifteen year old Deng Yingchao, Enlai’s future wife, was one of the founding female members. . Zhou was instrumental in the merger between the all male Tianjin Students Union and the all female Women’s Patriotic Association.

In January 1920, the police raided the printing press and arrested several members of the Awareness Society. Enlai led a group of students to protest the arrests, and was himself arrested along with 28 others. After the trial in July, they were found guilty of a minor offense and released. An attempt was made by the Comintern to induct Zhou into the Communist Party of China, but although he was studying Marxism he remained uncommitted. Instead of being selected to go to Moscow for training, he was chosen to go to France as a student organizer. Deng Yingchao was left in charge of the Awareness Society in his absence.

French "studies" and the European years



On 7 November 1920, Zhou Enlai and 196 other Chinese students sailed from Shanghai for Marseilles, France. At Marseilles they were met by a member of the Sino-French Education Committee and boarded a train to Paris. Almost as soon as he arrived Zhou became embroiled in a wrangle between the students and the education authorities running the “work and study” program. The students were supposed to work in factories part time and attend class part time. Because of corruption and graft in the Education Committee, however, the students were not paid. As a result they simply provided cheap labour for the French factory owners and received very little education in return. Zhou wrote to newspapers back in China denouncing the committee and the corrupt government officials.

Zhou traveled to Britain in January; he applied for and was accepted as a student at Edinburgh University. But the university term didn’t start until October so he returned to France, moving in with Liu Tsingyang and Zhang Shenfu, who were setting up a Communist cell. Zhou joined the group and was entrusted with political and organizational work. There is some controversy over the date Zhou joined the Communist Party of China. For secrecy reasons members did not carry membership cards. Zhou himself wrote "autumn, 1922" at a verification carried out at the Party's Seventh Congress in 1945.

There were 2,000 Chinese students in France, some 200 each in Belgium and England and between 300 and 400 in Germany. For the next four years Zhou was the chief recruiter, organizer and coordinator of activities of the . He traveled constantly between Belgium, Germany and France, safely conveying party members through Berlin to entrain for Moscow, to be taught the art of revolution.

The First United Front



Zhou returned to China as a seasoned party organizer in 1924. He was appointed Director of the CCP Guangdong Military Affairs Department, Director of Training at the National Revolutionary Army Political Training Department and Acting Director of the Whampoa Military Academy's Political Department. The latter role made Zhou political commissar of the 1st Division, 1st Corp during the Eastern Campaign of 1925. At the end of that successful campaign, he was named CCP Secretary of Guangdong Province, one of the highest jobs in the party. A year later, at the age of 28 or 29, Zhou Enlai was elected to the CCP Politburo and placed in charge of military affairs.


In January 1924 Sun Yat-sen had officially proclaimed an alliance between the Kuomintang and the Communists, and a plan for a military expedition to unify China and destroy the warlords. The Whampoa Military Academy was set up in March to train officers for the armies that would march against the warlords. Russian ships unloaded crates of weapons at the Guangzhou docks. Comintern advisers from Moscow joined Sun’s entourage. In October, shortly after he arrived back from Europe, Zhou Enlai was appointed Director of the political department at the Whampoa Military Academy in Guangzhou.

Zhou soon realized the Kuomintang was riddled with intrigue. The powerful right wing of the Kuomintang was bitterly opposed to the Communist alliance. Zhou was convinced that the CCP, in order to survive must have an army of its own. "The Kuomintang is a coalition of treacherous warlords" he told his friend Nie Rongzhen, recently arrived from Moscow and named a vice director of the academy. Together they set about to organize a nucleus of officer cadets who were CCP members and who would follow the principles of Karl Marx. For a while they met no hindrance, not even from Chiang Kai-Shek, the director of the academy.

Sun Yat-sen died on 12 March 1925. No sooner was Sun dead than trouble broke out in Guangzhou. A warlord named Chen Chiungming made a bid to take the city and province. The East Expedition, led by Zhou, was organized as a military offensive against Chen. Using the disciplined core of CCP cadets they met with resounding success. Zhou was promoted to head Whampoa’s martial law bureau. Zhou quickly crushed an attempted coup by another warlord within the city. Chen Chiungming once again took the field in October 1925. Once again Zhou defeated him and this time captured the important city of Shantou on the South China coast. Zhou was appointed special commissioner of Shantou and surrounding region. Zhou began to build up a party branch in Shantou whose membership he would keep secret.

On 8 August 1925, he and Deng Yingchao were finally married after a long-distance courtship of nearly five years. The couple remained childless, but adopted many orphaned children of "revolutionary martyrs"; one of the more famous was future Premier Li Peng.

After Sun's death the Kuomintang was run by a triumvirate composed of Chiang Kai-Shek, Liao Zhongkai and Wang Jingwei, but in August 1925 Liao , was murdered by Nationalist agents. Chiang Kai-shek used this murder to declare martial law and consolidate right wing control of the Nationalists. On 18 March 1926, while Mikhail Borodin, the Russian comintern advisor to the United Front, was in Shanghai. Chiang created a further incident to usurp power over the communists. The commander and crew of a Kuomintang gunboat was arrested at the Whampoa docks . This was followed by raids on the First Army Headquarters and Whampoa Military Academy. Altogether 65 communists were arrested, including Nie Rongzhen. A state of emergency was declared and curfews were imposed. Zhou had just returned from Shantou and was also detained for 48 hours. On his release he confronted Chiang and accused him of undermining the United Front but Chiang argued that he was only breaking up a plot by the communists. When Borodin returned from Shanghai he believed Chiang’s version and rebuked Zhou. At Chiang's request Borodin turned over a list of all the members of the CCP who were also members of the Kuomintang. The only omissions from this list were the members Zhou had secretly recruited. Chiang dismissed all the rest of the CCP officers from the First Army. Wang Jingwei, considered too sympathetic to the communists, was persuaded to leave on a “study tour” in Europe. Zhou Enlai was relieved of all his duties associated with the First United front, effectively giving complete control of the United Front to Chiang Kai-Shek.

From Shanghai to Yan'an



After the began, he worked as a labour agitator. In 1926, he organized a general strike in Shanghai, opening the city to the Kuomintang. When the Kuomintang broke with the Communists, Zhou managed to escape the . Zhou attended a July 1927 meeting with Zhu De, He Long, Ye Jianying, Liu Bocheng, – all future marshals of the army – and Mao to decide a response to Chiang’s blood purge. Their move was the Nanchang Uprising, led by Liu and Zhou.

After that attempt failed, Zhou left China for the Soviet Union to attend the Chinese Communist Party's 6th National Party Congress in Moscow, in June-July 1928. He was elected Director of the Central Committee Organization Department; his ally, Li Lisan took over propaganda work. Zhou finally returned to China, after more than a year away, in 1929.

In Shanghai, Zhou began to disagree with the timing of Li Lisan's strategy of favoring rich peasants and concentrating military forces for attacks on urban centers sometime in early 1930. Zhou did not openly break with these more orthodox notions, and even tried to implement them later, in 1931, in Jiangxi.

Zhou moved to the Jiangxi base area and shook up the propaganda-oriented approach to revolution by demanding that the armed forces under communist control actually be used to expand the base, rather than just to control and defend it. In December 1931, he replaced Mao as Secretary of the 1st Front Army with Xiang Ying, and made himself political commissar of the Red Army, in place of Mao. Liu Bocheng, Lin Biao and Peng Dehuai all criticized Mao's tactics at the August 1932 Ningdu Conference. Under Zhou, the Red Army defeated four attacks by Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist troops. Only when the Nationalists were forced to change their tactics did Zhou endorse withdrawal. Zhou Enlai was thus one of the major beneficiaries of the 1931-34 side-lining of Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, Tan Zhenlin, Deng Zihui, Lu Dingyi and Xiao Qingguang.

In early 1933, Bo Gu arrived with German Comintern adviser Otto Braun and took control of party affairs. Zhou at this time, apparently with strong support from party and military colleagues, undertook to reorganize and standardize the Red Army. The results were the structure that led the communists to victory:

:



In the Yan'an years, Zhou was active in promoting a united anti-Japanese front. As a result, he played a major role in the Xi'an Incident, helped to secure Chiang Kai-shek's release, and negotiated the , and coining the famous phrase "Chinese should not fight Chinese but a common enemy: the invader". Zhou spent the as CCP ambassador to Chiang's wartime government in Chongqing and took part in the failed negotiations following World War II.

Premiership


In 1949, with the establishment of the People's Republic of China, Zhou assumed the role of Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs. In June 1953, he made the five declarations for peace. He headed the Communist Chinese delegation to the and to the Bandung Conference . He survived a covert proxy assassination attempt by the nationalist Kuomintang under the government of Chiang Kai-shek on his way to Bandung. A time bomb with an American-made MK-7 detonator was planted on a charter plane Kashmir Princess scheduled for Zhou's trip. Zhou changed planes but the rest of his crew of 16 people died. Zhou was a moderate force and a new influential voice for non-aligned states in the Cold War; his diplomacy strengthened regional ties with India, Burma, and many southeast Asian countries, as well as African states. In 1958, the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs was passed to but Zhou remained Prime Minister until his death in 1976.

Zhou's first major domestic focus after becoming premier was China's economy, in a poor state after decades of war. He aimed at increased agricultural production through the even redistribution of land. Industrial progress was also on his to-do list. He additionally initiated the first environmental reforms in China. In government, Mao largely developed policy while Zhou carried it out.

In 1958, Mao Zedong began the Great Leap Forward, aimed at increasing China's production levels in industry and agriculture with unrealistic targets. As a popular and practical administrator, Zhou maintained his position through the Leap. The Cultural Revolution was a great blow to Zhou. At its late stages in 1975, he pushed for the "four modernizations" to undo the damage caused by the campaigns.

Known as an able diplomat, Zhou was largely responsible for the re-establishment of contacts with the West in the early 1970s. He welcomed US Richard Nixon to China in February 1972, and signed the Shanghai Communiqué.

After discovering he had cancer, he began to pass many of his responsibilities onto Deng Xiaoping. During the late stages of the Cultural Revolution, Zhou was the new target of Chairman Mao's and 's political campaigns in 1975 by initiating "criticizing Song Jiang, evaluating the Water Margin", alluding to a Chinese literary work, using Zhou as an example of a political loser. In addition, the Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius campaign was also directed at Premier Zhou because he was viewed as one of the Gang's primary political opponents.

Reputation in popular stories


In a society where news is restricted, much weight is put on stories which cannot be verified. It was widely believed that at the Geneva Conference of 1954 U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles snubbed Zhou by publicly brushing past his outstretched hand. Whether the incident actually happened or not, President Nixon clearly believed that it had. Therefore, when he descended from Air Force One in Beijing on his , he ostentatiously and respectfully held out his hand to Zhou, who appreciated the symbolism.

The clash with Russia created a number of these stories. One story had it that Zhou met Premier Nikita Khrushchev outside a meeting hall where each had denounced the other. Khrushchev, who was said to be jealous of Zhou’s cosmopolitan skills, remarked to Zhou “it’s interesting, isn’t it. I’m of working class origin while your family were landlords.” Zhou quickly replied “Yes, and we each betrayed our class!”

Another such doubtful but widespread story had it that at another such encounter Khrushchev shook Zhou’s hand, then pulled out his handkerchief and wiped his hands. Zhou then pulled out his handkerchief, wiped his hands, and put the handkerchief in the nearest wastebasket. This is especially interesting since apparently Richard Nixon told a similar story. He recalled that in 1954 Undersecretary of State, Walter B. Smith did not want to "break... discipline" but also did not want to slight the Chinese blatantly. Therefore, Smith held a cup of coffee in his right hand when shaking hands with Zhou. Zhou took out a white handkerchief, wiped his hand and threw the handkerchief into the garbage.

When asked for his assessment of the 1789 French Revolution, he is remembered for saying, "It is too early to say". Although this is also attributed to Mao.

Death and reactions


Zhou was hospitalized in 1974 for bladder cancer, but continued to conduct work from the hospital, with Deng Xiaoping as the First Deputy Premier handling most of the important State Council matters. Zhou died on the morning of 8 January 1976, aged 77. He died eight months before Mao Zedong. Zhou's death brought messages of condolences from many that he affected during his tenure as an effective diplomat and negotiator on the world stage, and many states saw his death as a terrible loss. Zhou's body was cremated and the ashes scattered by air over hills and valleys, according to his wishes.

Inside China, the infamous Gang of Four had seen Zhou's death as an effective step forward in their political maneuvering, as the last major challenge was now gone in their plot to seize absolute power. At Zhou's funeral, Deng Xiaoping delivered the official eulogy, but later he was forced out of politics until after Mao's death.

Because Zhou was very popular with the people, many rose in spontaneous expressions of mourning across China, which the Gang considered to be dangerous, as they feared people might use this opportunity to express hatred towards them. During the Tiananmen Incident in April 1976, the Gang of Four tried to suppress mourning for the "Beloved Premier", which resulted in rioting. Anti-Gang of Four poetry was found on some wreaths that were laid, and all wreaths were subsequently taken down at the Monument to the People's Heroes. These actions, however, only further enraged the people. Thousands of armed soldiers repressed the people’s protest in Tiananmen Square, and hundreds of people were arrested. The Gang of Four blamed Deng Xiaoping for the movement and temporarily removed him from all his official positions.

Since his death, a memorial hall has been dedicated to Zhou and Deng Yingchao in Tianjin, named Tianjin Zhou Enlai Deng Yingchao Memorial Hall , and there was a statue erected in Nanjing, where in the 1940s he worked with the Kuomintang. There was an issue of national stamps commemorating the first anniversary of his death in 1977, and another in 1998 to commemorate his 100th birthday.

Assessment


Zhou Enlai is regarded as a skilled negotiator, a master of policy implementation, a devoted revolutionary, and a pragmatic statesman with infinite patience and an unusual attentiveness to detail and nuance. He was also known for his tireless and dedicated work ethic, and his unusual charm and poise in public. He is reputedly the last Mandarin bureaucrat in the Confucian tradition. Zhou's political behaviour should be viewed in light of his political philosophy as well as his personality. To a large extent, Zhou epitomized the paradox inherent in a communist politician with traditional Chinese upbringing: at once conservative and radical, pragmatic and ideological, possessed by a belief in order and harmony as well as a faith in the progressive power of rebellion and revolution.

Though a firm believer in the Communist ideal on which the People's Republic was founded, Zhou is widely believed to have moderated the excesses of Mao's radical policies within the limits of his power. It has been assumed that he protected imperial and religious sites of cultural significance from the Red Guards, and shielded top-level leaders from purges.

Zhou has not shared in the personal and political charges leveled at Mao. The recent biography by Gao Wenqian implies that during the Cultural Revolution, Zhou gave in to Mao's whims rather than consistently mitigating them, and that he did not protect all of those he could have. However, it is to be noted that Zhou, although sometimes giving in to Mao, was constantly having his political power undermined by the paranoid Mao.

Zhang Binglin

Zhang Binglin was a philologist, textual critic and anti-Manchu revolutionary.

His philological works include Wen Shi , the first systematic work of Chinese etymology. He also made contributions to historical Chinese phonology, proposing that "the niang and ri come from the ni initial " . He developed a system of shorthands based on the seal script, called jiyin zimu , later adopted as the basis of zhuyin. Though innovative in many ways, he was skeptical of new archaeological findings, regarding the oracle bones as forgery.

An activist as well as a scholar, he produced a great amount of political works. Because of his outspoken character, he was jailed for three years by the and put under house arrest for another three by Yuan Shikai.

Life


Zhang was born with the given name Xuecheng in Yuhang, Zhejiang to a scholarly family. Later he himself changed his given name to Jiang with the sobriquet Taiyan, to show his admiration for the early Qing scholar and activist Gu Yanwu. When he was 23, he began to study under the great philologist Yu Yue , immersing himself in the Chinese classics for seven years.

After the , he came to Shanghai, becoming a member of the Society for National Strengthening and writing for a number of newspaper, including Liang Qichao's Shi Wu Bao . In September 1898, after the failure of the Wuxu Reform, Zhang escaped to Taiwan with the help of a Japanese friend and worked as a reporter for Taiwan Riri Xinbao and wrote for Qing Yi Bao produced in Japan by Liang Qichao.

In May of the following year, Zhang went to Japan and was introduced to Sun Yat-sen by Liang Qichao. He returned to China two months later to be a reporter for the Shanghai-based Yadong Shibao , and later published his most important political work, Qiu Shu .

In 1901, under the threat of arrest from the Qing Empire, Zhang taught at Soochow University for a year before he escaped to Japan for several months. Upon return, he was arrested and jailed for three years until June 1906. He began to study the scriptures during his time in jail.

After his release, Zhang went to Japan to join Tongmeng Hui and became the chief editor of the newspaper Min Bao that strongly criticized the Qing Empire's corruption. There he also lectured on the Chinese classics and philology for overseas Chinese students. His students in Japan include Lu Xun, Zhou Zuoren and Qian Xuantong. His most important student was Huang Kan. In 1908, Min Bao was banned by the Japanese government. This caused Zhang to focus on his philological research. He coined the phrase "Zhonghua Minguo" (中華民國)which eventually became the name of the Chinese Republic.

Because an ideological conflict with Sun Yat-sen and his Three Principles of the People, Zhang established the Tokyo branch of Guangfu Hui in February 1909.

After Wuchang Uprising, Zhang returned to China to establish the Republic of China Alliance and chief-edit the Dagonghe Ribao .

After Yuan Shikai became the President of the Republic of China in 1913, Zhang was his high-ranking advisor for a few months until the assassination of Song Jiaoren. After criticizing Yuan for possible responsibility of the assassination, Zhang was put under house arrest, in Beijing's Longquan Temple, until Yuan's death in 1916. After release, Zhang was appointed Minister of the Guangzhou Generalissimo in June 1917.

In 1924, Zhang left Kuomintang, entitled himself a loyalist to the Republic of China, and became critical of Chiang Kai-shek. Zhang established the National Studies Society in Suzhou in 1934 and chief-edited the magazine Zhi Yan .

He died two years later at 67 and was buried in a state funeral. In April 3, 1955, the People's Republic of China removed the coffin from Suzhou to Nanping Mountain, Hangzhou. The People's Republic established a museum devoted to him beside Xi Lake.

He had three daughters with his first wife. With Cai Yuanpei as witness, he married again in 1913, with Tang Guoli , an early Chinese feminist. They had two sons, Zhang Dao and Zhang Qi .

Yau CheeShen

Yau CheeShen :姚啟聖; 熙之、憂庵 ; Posthumous name ; 1623-1683)born in Shaoxing Zhejiang of the later Ming dynasty, was a famous during the reign of the early Kangxi Emperor of the Qing Dynasty who was instrumental in carrying out Kangxi's nationwide reforms and battles in his role in various regional governing positions especially recovered Taiwan to the Qing,Yau died on the back leather cancer.

Popular Culture


Several are based, albeit very loosely, on the life of Yau CheeShen. These include Kangxi Dynasty.

Yao Wenyuan

Yao Wenyuan was a literary critic and politician and a member of the "" during China's Cultural Revolution .


Biography


He began his career in Shanghai as a literary critic, where he became known for his sharp attacks against colleagues, such as in June 1957 against the newspaper Wenhuibao. Since that time, he began to closely collaborate with leftist Shanghai politicians, including the head of the city's Propaganda Department, Zhang Chunqiao. His article "On the New Historical Beijing Opera 'Hai Rui Dismissed from Office'" , published in the Shanghai daily Wenhuibao on November 10, 1965, launched the Cultural Revolution.

The article was about a popular opera by , who was deputy mayor of Beijing. Zhang Chunqiao and Jiang Qinq feared the play could be counter-revolutionary because parallels could be drawn between the characters in the play and the communist government.

In the play Hai Rui a government official speaks for the peasants against the imperial government criticizing officials for hypocritically oppressing the masses while pretending to be virtuous men. Hai Rui is dismissed because of this. Yao claimed it was a coded attack on Mao for dismissing in 1959 then-minister of defense Peng Dehuai, a critic of Mao’s disastrous Great Leap Forward.

Confused by this unexpected attack, Beijing's party leadership tried to protect Wu Han, providing Mao the pretext for a full-scale "struggle" against them in the following year. Yao was soon promoted to the Cultural Revolution Group.

Yao Wenyuan was an ideal candidate for the criticism for such an opera because of his consistent socialist background. In April 1969 he joined the Politburo of the of the Communist Party of China, working on official propaganda. A member of "Proletarian writers for purity" he was the editor of "Liberation Daily" Shanghai's main newspaper. He joined the state's efforts to rid China's writers union of the famous writer Hu Feng.

In October 1976, he was arrested for his participation in the Cultural Revolution and sentenced to 20 years imprisonment.

He was released on October 23, 1996, and spent the remainder of his life writing a book and studying Chinese history. He was living in his hometown of Shanghai and became the last surviving member of the Gang of Four after Zhang Chunqiao died in April 2005. According to China's official Xinhua news agency, he died of diabetes on December 23, 2005, aged 74 .

Wang Laijun

Wang Laijun was a Protestant Christian pastor and missionary in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China in the late 1800s. He was converted to Christianity in Ningbo under the ministry of James Hudson Taylor before the founding of the China Inland Mission. He accompanied the Taylor family to London, England in 1860 as a helper and language tutor for new missionaries. He also assisted Taylor and Frederick Foster Gough in the revision of the Ningbo dialect New Testament in Romanized colloquial.

While in England, Wang met the famous London Baptist preacher, Charles Spurgeon, accompanied by Taylor. Together they influenced Spurgeon to promote the cause of missionary work in China with his sermons and writings.

Taylor also brought Wang to meet the Bristol orphanage founder George Muller who would later fund one third of the China Inland Mission budget in the following years of 1866-1871.

After returning to China he was appointed pastor of the church in Hangzhou begun by the China Inland Mission in 1866-1867. He served as a pastor for 40 years.

Teddy Wang

Teddy Wang was the husband of Nina Wang and founder of the Chinachem Group pharmaceutical company.

Life and career



He was born in Shanghai, China, where he was a childhood playmate of . He was the son of Wang Din-shin, who had established a paint and chemical business. The Wangs moved to Hong Kong, and the business became the Chinachem Group, eventually one of Hong Kong's largest and most powerful companies based on a lucrative pharmaceutical division. In 1948, when she was 11 and he 15, they renewed their friendship.
Nina Wang, moved to Hong Kong in the 1950s with Teddy Wang, who founded the Chinachem Group pharmaceutical company, and in 1955 they married.

Kidnapping and Death



Teddy Wang was abducted on 12 April, 1983, and their Mercedes was hijacked. He was taken away and chained to a bed for eight days until Nina Wang paid a $33 million ransom.

Teddy Wang was kidnapped again for a 2nd time on 10 April, 1990 as he left Hong Kong's exclusive Jockey Club. Abductors demanded $60 million. His wife Nina Wang paid a $34 million installment again, but it was too late and he was never returned.

Several of the kidnappers were caught and said that the 57-year-old Wang had been thrown into the sea from the sampan — a small Chinese boat — where he was held.

His body was never found and he was declared legally dead in 1999. Wang's will was hotly disputed .

Tan Kai

Tan Kai is a computer technician and an environmental activist from Zhejiang, . He operated his own company, called Lanyi Computer Repair, and co-founded an environmental advocacy and monitoring called Green Watch . He was convicted in May 2006 of "illegally obtaining state secrets."

Environmental activism


Tan became interested in environmental issues following April 2005's violent struggles over pollution and corruption in the town of Huashui, Zhejiang, where many residents believe that releases of toxic substances from chemical plants into the water supply are destroying crops and causing birth defects. Further riots in Dongyang, in Xinchang , and at a battery factory in Changxin, convinced Tan to set up an environmental monitoring group, which he did informally in the summer of that year, together with five other individuals: Mr. Lai Jinbiao, Mr. Gao Haibing, Mr. Wu Yuanming, Mr. Qi Huimin, and Mr. Yang Jianming.

Because in order to operate lawfully as a local organization China requires a large staff, an office, and a large sum of money, in October 2005 Tan opened an account at a branch of Bank of China in Hangzhou with the sum of 500 yuan. When all six members of Green Watch were detained and released on October 19, Tan was charged and kept in custody. Although Tan was ostensibly arrested and charged with "illegally obtaining state secrets" after performing a routine backup on a computer belonging to a member of the Zhejiang Communist Party committee, Green Watch was declared illegal and banned one month later. Tan's friend and fellow activist Lai Jinbiao believes Tan was held because his name was the one on the bank account. On November 15, 2005, the Zhejiang provincial government declared Green Watch an illegal organization.

Imprisonment


Tan was held for nearly seven months until May 9, 2006. During this time, his father engaged two Beijing-based lawyers, Li Heping and Li Xiongbing, to defend Tan, but the Hangzhou Public Security Bureau denied permission to engage counsel because the case involved state secrets. The elder Tan persisted with another application, and Li was finally able to meet with Tan for one hour at the West Lake Detention Centre in Hangzhou.

Trial


Although Tan pleaded innocent and no evidence of any crime was presented , he was convicted in a three-hour trial at the District Court in Hangzhou, on the morning of May 15, 2006, which was closed to the public. He was sentenced to 18 months in prison for "illegally obtaining state secrets" by the Hangzhou Municipal People's Intermediate Court on August 11, 2006. His lawyer Li Heping raised concerns about Tan's health condition in prison, as he suffers from a liver disease.

Shiing-Shen Chern

Shiing-Shen Chern was a Chinese American mathematician, one of the leaders in of the twentieth century.

Biography


Chern was born in Jiaxing in Zhejiang province. He moved to Tianjin in 1922 to be with his father, and starting in 1926 he studied there at Nankai University, graduating in mathematics in 1930. He was a graduate student under Dan Sun at Tsinghua University from 1931 to 1934, working on projective differential geometry.

In 1932 Wilhelm Blaschke from the University of Hamburg visited Tsinghua and was impressed with Chern. In 1934 Chern went on a scholarship to Hamburg, working on the Cartan-K?hler theory, and finishing his doctoral degree in 1936. In 1936–1937 he studied with ?lie Cartan in Paris, returning to Beijing, China to a professorial position in Tsinghua .

In 1943 Chern went to the Institute for Advanced Study at , working there on characteristic classes in differential geometry. Shortly afterwards, he was invited by Solomon Lefschetz to be an editor of Annals of Mathematics.

He returned to Shanghai in 1946 to found the Mathematical Institute of Academia Sinica, which was later moved to Nanking. From 1948 he was again at the IAS, becoming a professor at the University of Chicago in 1949.

He moved to the University of California, Berkeley in 1960. The next year he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. At Berkeley, he founded the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute in 1981 and acted as the director until 1984. In 1985 he founded the Nankai Insititute of Mathematics in Tianjin, where he died in 2004 at the age of 93.

Research


Chern's work spreads over all the classic fields of differential geometry. It includes areas currently fashionable , perennial , the foundational , and some areas such as projective differential geometry and s that have a lower profile. He published results in integral geometry, value distribution theory of holomorphic functions, and minimal submanifolds.

He was a true follower of ?lie Cartan, working intensely on the 'theory of equivalence' in his time in China from 1937 to 1943, in relative isolation. In 1954 he published his own treatment of the pseudogroup problem that is in effect the touchstone of Cartan's geometric theory. He used the moving frame method with success only matched by its inventor; he preferred in complex manifold theory to stay with the geometry, rather than follow the potential theory. Indeed, one of his books is entitled, "Complex Manifolds without Potential Theory". In the last years of his life, he advocated the study of Finsler geometry, writing several books and articles on the subject.

Honours and awards


He was awarded the National Medal of Science in 1975; the Wolf Prize in mathematics in 1984; and the Shaw Prize in mathematical sciences in May, 2004.
The asteroid 29552 Chern is named after him.

Family


His wife, Shih-ning Chern, who he married in 1939, died in 2000. He also had a daughter, May Chu and a son named Paul.

Transliteration and pronunciation


Chern's surname is a common Chinese surname which is now usually spelt . The unusual spelling "Chern" is a transliteration in the old Gwoyeu Romatzyh romanization for used in the early twentieth century China. It uses special spelling rules to indicate different tones of Mandarin, which is a tonal language with four tones. The silent r in "Chern" indicates a syllable, written "Chén" in pinyin but in practice often written by non-Chinese without the tonal mark. In GR the spelling of his given name "Shiing-Shen" indicates a third tone for Shiing and a first tone for Shen, which are equivalent to the syllables "Xǐngshēn" in pinyin.

In English, Chern pronounced his name "Churn," and this pronunciation is now universally accepted among English-speaking mathematicians and physicists.

Shi Guangnan

Shi Guangnan was a composer, best known for his patriotic and nationalistic songs from the Cultural Revolution era that combine traditional melodies with westernized accompaniment.

Biography


He attended the middle school division of the Central Conservatory of Music in Beijing and graduated with a degree in composition from the Tianjin Conservatory in 1964, whereupon he was assigned to the Tianjin Dance Theater.

In 1985 he was elected as vice-chairman of the Chinese Musicians' Association and composed more than 100 works during his 20-year career. He lived in Jinhua, Zhejiang.

His compositions include "In Hope Field," "Toasts Song," "If You Must Know I," "Turfan's Grape Was Ripe," "Has Lifted Up High the Asian Games Torch" , "Hits Hand Drum To Sing Song," "Premier Zhou, Where You Were At," "Pure White Feather Send Affection," and the large-scale operas Qu Yuan and Grieve for the Dead (the latter work composed in 1981 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the birth of Lu Xun.

He died of a cerebral hemorrhage.

The Chinese film Rhapsody of Spring is a slightly fictionalized portrait of Shi . The film features a number of Shi's songs.

Shen Jiaben

Shen Jiaben . Late Qing Chinese scholar and jurist from Wuxing 吳興 in Zhejiang province (modern Huzhou city 湖州). Shen was in charge of the 1905 revision of the , abolishing several cruel punishments such as "slow slicing" .

Shen Dingyi

Shen Dingyi born in Yaqian in 1883, assassinated in 1928, a 1920's era Chinese revolutionary and intellectual who belonged to both the Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China. He was mysteriously assassinated in 1928.